KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA SCHEME OF EXAMINATION 
B.SC. (BIOINFORMATICSl FIRST YEAR 
SEMESTER -I 
Paper No. 
Title of Paper 	Marks 	Time 	
Introduction to Bioinformatics 	50 	3 hrs. 	
Computer Fundamentals 	50 	3 hrs. 	
Statistical Methods (I) 	50 	3 hrs. 	
Introduction to Databases 	50 	3 hrs. 	
Cell Biology 	50 	3 hrs. 	
Biochemistry-I 	50 	3 hrs. 	
II 
III 
IV 
V 
VI 
		SEMESTER-II 			
VII 	Biochemistry-II 	50 	3 hrs. 	
VIII 	Genetics 		50 	3 hrs. 	
IX 	Operating System & Programming in C 	50 	3 hrs. 	
X 	Statistical Method (II) 	50 	3 hrs. 	
XI 	Introduction to Genome Projects 	50 	3 hrs. 	
XII 	Information Networks 	50 	3 hrs. 	
XIII 	Practical ( Based on paper 1-4) 	100 	6 hrs. 	
				(Two session) 	
XIV 	Practical 	( Based on paper 5-8) 	100 	6 hrs. 	
				(Two session) 	
XV 	Practical 	( Based on paper 9-12) 	100 	6 hrs. 	
				(Two session) 	

SEMESTER- I 

Paper I 
Introduction to Bio-informatics 
Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1.	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with questions 3 from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
U NIT-I 
What is Bio-informatics- Its Definitions, Introduction, History. Bioinformatics - Objectives, Applications, Its need, Scope, Careers. Bioinforrnatics scenario in India & the rest of the world. 
Sequences used in Bioinforrnatics- DNA, Protein, RNA. 
Dawn of sequencing. 
Brief understanding of the DNA, Protein, RNA molecules. Study of Bioinforrnatics at Molecular level. 
UNIT-II 
Sequence analysis- a brief study. 
Homology. Analogy, Similarity, Identity. Prokaryotes- Smaller bugs with simple genes. Eukaryotes- Bigger-bugs with complex genes. Difference between prokaryotes & Eukaryotes. Study of Genbank entry for Prokaryotic gene. Study of Genbank entry for Eukaryotic gene. Methods for retrieval of Genbank entries. 

Computer Fundamentals 
Paper II 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1)	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2)	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3)	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4)	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT-I 
Computer Fundamentals: 
History of computers, Generations and types of computers, Classification of computers, Hardware and Software concepts, Functional components of a digital computer, Limitations and Capabilities of computers, RAM, ROM, Storage devices, I/O devices 
UNIT-II 
Problem Solving with Computers: 
Problem analysis with example, Algorithms, pseudocodes, Decision tables, and Flowcharts, Structured programming concepts, Top down and bottom up Approaches, Modular programming concepts. Applications of Computers in Bio-informatics 
Operating Systems & Internet: Features of commonly used operating systems e.g. DOS, Windows, UNIX,.and LINUX. Introduction to Internet. 

Statistical Methods- I 
Paper III 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1)	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2)	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3)	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4)	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT-I 
An introduction, types of data, collection, classification and tabulation of the primary data, secondary data, discrete data and continuous data, diagrammatic and graphical representation of grouped data, frequency distribution (univariate & bivariate), cumulative frequency distribution and their graphical representation, histogram, frequency polygon and ogives. 
UNIT-II 
Concept of central tendency or location and their measures, partition values: quartiles, deciles and percentiles, dispersion and their measures, relative dispersion. 
Moments (single & double variables) and their relationships, Karl pearson's, Beta & gamma coefficients, Charlier's checks and Sheppard's correction for moments for grouped data ( without derivation ), skewness & kurtosis and their measures 

Introduction to Databases 
Paper IV 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1.	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with questions 3 from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part Wise. 
UNIT-I 
Databases- Introduction, Functions, Types. Data, Data mining, Data integration. 
What types of data stored? 
Data retrieval system. 
Biological Databases - Nucleotide & Protein databases. Nucleotide databases- DDB], EMBL, GenBank.
Protein databases- SWISS-PROT. 
Study of Gene centric databases. 
NCBI- The National Centre for Biotechnology Information. 
UNIT-II 
EMB-net The European Molecular Biology Network. Virtual tourism. 
Formats in Bioinformatics. Searching through Pubmed/Medline. EXPASY. 
Biological sequence & structure deficiet. 

Cell Biology 
Paper V 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1.	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part Wise. 
UNIT-I 
Cells: Cellular Dimensions, Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Differences between plants animal cells. 
Viruses - Parasites of Cells 
a)	Cell Wall- Structure and function of bacterial and plant cell wall. 
b)	Plasma Membrane - Fluid Mosaic Model, Various Models of transport across the membrane, mechanism of active and passive transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. 
UNIT-II 

ULTRASTRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING CELL ORGANELLES 
A brief account of the subcellular organelles (Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Golgi complex. Ribosome, Lysosomes, Plastids, Nucleus & Microbodies).Cytoskeleton (Microtubules, Microfilaments. intermediate filaments) Cilia & Flagella. 
Cell division- Mitosis, Meiosis, An introduction to cell cycle. 

Biochemistry I 
Paper VI 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1.	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT -I 
Biomolecules: Introduction, important features, covalent and non-covalent interactions 
Carbohydrates: Introduction and Biological Significance. 
Definition and classification: Monosaccharides; families of monosaccharides; simple aldoses and ketoses, Configuration and Conformation, Stereoisomerism/ Asymmetric centres, Fischer and Haworth projection formula, pyranose and furanose ring forms, reducing and non-reducing sugars, sugar derivatives viz. sugar alcohols, amino sugars. deoxy sugars, acidic sugars, Glycosidic bond 
Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides: Definition, structure and function of important di and oligosaccharides viz. lactose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, stachyose, verbascose etc. 
Polysaccharides: Homo and Hetero polysaccharides, storage polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen. Structural polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin .. A brief account of structure and function of  Mucopolysaccharides/ Glycosaminoglycans (Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulphate), Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans. 

Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins: Classification and structure of amino acids, essential amino acids, rare and non-protein amino acids, optical and chemical properties of amino acids; acid-base behaviour/zwitterions; pKa value and titration curve. 
Peptide bond - nature and characteristics. Definition; structure and function of some biologically important peptides. 
UNIT II 
Proteins: Classification based on structure and function. Structural organization of proteins: Primary structure; 
Secondary structure- alpha- Helix, beta- pleats and beta- turn 
Tertiary structure- myoglobin and lysozyme etc. Quaternary structure- hemoglobin. 
Forces stabilizing different structural levels. 
Amino acid analysislN-terminal amino acid analysis- Sanger's method, Edmann's degradation, dansyl chloride and dabsyl chloride 
Lipids: Introduction and Classification - simple and complex lipids. 
Fatty acids - structure and nomenclature, soap value, acid value, iodine number, rancidity. Essential fatty acids. A general account of structure and function of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, steroids, bile acids, bile salts and terpenes 
Nucleotides and Nucleic acids: 
Building blocks: bases, sugars and phosphates. 
Structure and nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides; polynucleotides, DNA (A, B, Z- DNA) and RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA). 
Properties of DNA - absorption, denaturation, renaturation, hybridization, Tm/Cot values. 
Biologically important nucleotides and their functions - ATP, GTP, Coenzyme A, NAD, F AD and cAMP. 

Semester II 

Paper VII 
Biochemistry II 
Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
I. Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No. I which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part Wise. 
U IT-I 
Enzymes: Introduction, active site, energy of activation, transition state hypothesis, lock and key hypothesis, induced fit hypothesis. 
Enzyme classification (Major classes only) 
Enzyme Kinetics - substrate concentration, Km, Vmax, MM equation, Lineweaver Burk plot/ Double reciprocal plot. Effect of pH, temperature on enzyme activity. 
Allosteric enzymes ( A brief account) 
Enzyme Inhibition - Competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition 
Vitamins and Hormones: Introduction. Types of vitamins - structure of water soluble vitamins and their coenzyme, derivatives, Fat soluble vitamins 
Deficiency symptoms and dietary sources. 
Steroid Hormones: structure and importance 
Peptide Hormones: structure and function of important peptide hormones. 

UNIT -II 
Metabolism: General introduction, catabolism and anabolism 
Carbohydrates metabolism: Glycolysis, Tricarboxylic acid cycle, Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis and their regulation, 
Lipid Metabolism: ~- oxidation of fatty acids. Degradation of Triacylglycerols. 
Synthesis of Fatty acids. 
Amino acid Metabolism: Transamination, oxidative deamination, decarboxylation. Urea cycle. Different classes of oxidation and synthesis of amino acids. 
Glycogenic and ketogenic amino acids. 

Genetics
Paper VIII 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time: 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1)	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2)	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3)	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4)	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part Wise. 
UNIT-I 
Genetics, Elements of heredity and variations, The Varieties of gene interactions Linkage and recombination, coupling and repulsion hypothesis,crossing over and chiasma formation, gene mapping 
Sex determination and its mechanisms, male and female heterozygous system. Genetic balance system. Role of Y chromosomes, male haploidy, cytoplasmic and environmental factors, role of hormones in sex determination 
Sex linked in heritance, haemophilia and color blindness in man, eye color in Drosophila. Sex limited and sex influenced inheritance. 
Extrachromosomal and Cytoplasmic inheritance 
1.	Kappa particles in paramecium 
2.	Shell coiling in snails 
3.	Milk factor in mice 
Multiple alielism: Eye colour in Drosophila, A,B,O blood Groups in man 
UNIT-II 
Human Genetics - Human karyotype, chromosomal abnormalities involving autosomes and sex chromosomes, monozygotic and dizygotic twins. 

Inborn Errors of Metabolism in man (Alcaptonuria, phenylketonuria, albinism, and sickle cell anemia.Principles of population genetics, Hardy Weinberg Principle 
Mutations - Molecular basis of Mutations, type of mutations: transition, transversion. frameshift, insertion, deletion, suppressor sensitive, germinal and somatic, backward and forward mutations, true reversion and suppression, dominant and recessive mutations, spontaneous and induced mutations 
Mutagenecity Testing - Ames test, natural and artificial mutants 
Genetic recombination and transposition. 

Operating System Internet & Programming in C 
Paper IX 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1)	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2)	Q. No 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3)	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4)	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT-I 
Character Set, Identifiers & keywords, Constants & variables, data types, expressions & statements. Arithmetic, Logical, Relational and bitwise operators and their hierarchy, 
UNIT-II 
Assignment and conditional operators. Input / Output statements, control statements-if-else, switch, break, continue & loops. Arrays, functions, pointers, structure & unions. File handling, Implementation of data structures e.g. Array, Stack, Queue, Linked list and tree 

Statistical Methods- II
Paper X 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
1)	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2)	Q. No. 1 which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with 3 questions from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No 1 & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3)	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4)	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT-I 
Mathematical expectation (single & bivariate), expectation of sum of random variables, expectation of independent random variables. Variance and covariance, moment generating and commulent generating function. 
UNIT-II 
Binomial distribution, poisson distribution as a limiting form of binomial distribution and properties of these distributions, moments, moment generating function, cumulant generating function. Geometric distribution and exponential distribution and properties of these distributions 

Introduction to Genome Projects 
Paper XI 

Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
NOTE 
I. Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No I which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus, will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with questions 3 from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No I & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3. As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part wise. 
UNIT-I 
Human genome project- Status & Size. Genome browsing tools. 
TIGR 
Mapping & sequencing. Physical & Genetic Maps. 
Finding out more about biochemical pathways. 
UNIT-II 
Brief study of BLAST as data mining tool. UCSC- Brief introduction. 
Ensembl project. 
Finding out more about protein structure. Finding out more about major protein families. Dawn of sequencing. 

NOTE 
1.	Seven Questions will be set in all. 
2.	Q. No. I which will be objective/short answer type covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. The remaining questions will be set section wise with questions 3 from each section. The candidates will be required to attempt Q. No I & four others selecting 2 questions from each section. Each question will carry 10 marks. 
3.	As far as possible the question will be of short answer type. 
4.	Each question should be divided into parts & the distribution of marks be indicated part-wise. 
Marks: 45
Internal Assessment: 5
Time 3 hrs 
Paper XII 

Information Networks 
UNIT-I 
Complete study of SWISS-PROT entry EGF-R. Protein folding problem. 
Role of Chaperons. 
Final destination for each protein. Diversity of folds & function. 
Genes, Chromosomes,Genetic codon, ORF. Metaphor for biology or Rube Goldberg invention. 
UNIT-II 
Computer Network. 
Internet- Definition, History, Applications. How do computers find Each other? HTTP, HTML, URL's. 
Web browsers. 
Role of internet in Bioinformatics. 
Post Translational Modification Databases PIR-RESID.